Nurses with Addiction

Nursing is one of the most stressful careers in healthcare. Long hours of direct patient care take its toll emotionally and physically. While the profession is rewarding for most, the constant stress can become a catalyst for all kinds of self damaging behaviors. The American Nurses' Association estimates between ten and twenty percent of nurses will abuse drugs within the workplace at some point during his/her career (ANA, 2002). This percentage is similar to that of substance abusers within the general population. Due to the ease of access to narcotics on the job, it can be difficult to recognize a problem in the early stages. Only once the nurse’s activities have been suspected due to medication shortage or job performance problems can intervention be made. Professionals with addiction not only risk harming themselves and their career, but put their patients at an increased unnecessary risk of malpractice. Unfortunately in November 2009, four nurses in a local hospital were found to be stealing Morphine, Fentanyl, Dilaudid, and other narcotics during their shifts. All four nurses had been employed in various departments and were operating independently of each other. Each nurse was apprehended after being observed for strange behaviors and unauthorized Pixus medication station discrepancies. According to Dunn, psychiatric and oncology nurses have the highest likelihood for drug abuse due to the constant stress and emotional pressures associated with their careers (Dunn, 2005). The lowest instance of abuse occurs in Women’s Health and Pediatric nursing (NIH, 2003). It is unclear whether this rate is due to the nurse’s coping capabilities in such areas, or the lack of narcotics available on these types of care units. Aside from disobeying the loyalty of the workplace, these nurses have violated the Nursing Code of Ethics in relation to themselves, the hospital, and the patients. Within the Nursing Code of Ethics (ANA, 2001) nurses vow to: †¢Safeguard the client and the public when health care and safety are affected by the incompetent, unethical or illegal practice of any person. †¢Participate in the profession's effort to establish and maintain conditions of employment conducive to high quality nursing care. Maintain primary concern for the patient, whether an individual, family, group, or community Fortunately, there have been no reports thus far of malpractice or injuries with any of the patients under the direct care of these four individuals. Grave circumstances may have occurred if the situation had not been discovered promptly. When serious issues occur, Risk Management must work feverishly to investigate all the patient’s records to determine if any errors occurred regard ing their care. Risk Management also has the responsibility of investigating the claims against the nurses to prove or disprove validity. Only after the investigations are concluded can the Risk Management team work to repair the reputation of the hospital and its employees. As a result of this incident, workplace respect, reputation, and ethics have been violated at the expense of drug addiction. Nurses and other healthcare professionals have a responsibility to the patient’s and the workplace to uphold a standard of care that will not jeopardize the position of the hospital, its staff, the patients or the community. When serious issues occur, patients become judgmental of all providers and institutions. The profession and the organization’s reputation have suffered because of this incident. Being a healthcare provider myself, I do not understand how a nurse could not find any other coping mechanisms besides drug abuse. Although I am not a nurse, I deal with the same daily issues associated with direct patient care. As a professional, you are required to deal with situations outside of your beliefs and find avenues to vent your frustration, grief and stress without harming the patients, yourself, or the relationship between the two. I have not come across any colleagues that take a different ethical viewpoint than me regarding this situation. We all know that stealing medications from patients for personal use is wrong professional ly, personally and legally. Perhaps our lack of understanding is due to the inability to relate to those with drug addiction. All coworkers within an organization need to be educated to recognize potential issues of narcotic abuse within the workplace. Since healthcare professionals are able to hide some signs of abuse such as work absences, it may be more difficult to recognize a problem in the early stages. Some physical signs to be aware of include: irritability, forgetfulness, isolation, and decreased levels of motivation. Issues in personal life may also increase the chances of drug abuse, such as: stress, family problems, a previous history of mental illness, and a history of prior abuse (any type). Potential issues must be reported to the Nurse Manager as soon as possible. In order for the organization to protect the safety of its personnel and patients, ethical standards of practice must been routinely stressed within the workplace. Many institutions conduct annual competencies, in-services, and /or reviews to ensure employee commitment to maintaining and promoting an ethical work environment. Conclusion Drug abuse among workers will occur in any organization despite all efforts taken by coworkers, management and the organization as a whole. Drug abuse becomes a severe ethical issue once the life of another human being is jeopardized. Those in the healthcare field have a responsibility to maintain a standard of care to patients regardless of any personal issues occurring in his/her own life. When drug abuse occurs in a hospital setting, the potential for disaster increases dramatically. Not only is the safety of patients and coworkers compromised, so is the reputation of the hospital and the profession. All healthcare employees must be monitored by their employer to ensure workplace drug abuse is prevented, detected and extinguished before irreversible damage occurs. References: American Nurses Association (2001). Code of ethics for nurses. Retrieved from http://www. nursingworld. org/about/01action. htm. on December 11,2009. Dunn, D. (2005). Substance abuse among Nurses-defining the issue. Association of operating room nurses. (82) 592-596. Retrieved from Proquest December 10, 2009. National Institute of Health (2003). Retrieved from www. drugabuse. gov/infofacts/costs. html on December 10, 2009.

Frankenstein The Modern Prometheus Essay

Mary Shelley’s novel Frankenstein also referred to as ‘The Modern Prometheus’ was written in the dark times of 1816. The novel indulges in the work of man playing God and the acts of galvanism; Victor Frankenstein dreams of one day being able to save the ones he loves from illness and maybe even death; but swiftly his dreams tarnish and soon turn to a horrific nightmare when his beloved monster turns on him. Mary Shelley gets her themes and ideas across in a variety of different ways throughout the novel, such as an in depth look towards the immortal soul and the duality of self but also subconsciously Mary spilt out her own feelings into her work adding minor themes into the novel of her life and parental neglect. Even before she was born, Mary Shelley was destined to become one of the most prominent figures in English literature. Both her parents were revolutionaries and writers: Her father William Godwin was an English journalist and novelist and one of the major proponents of anarchist philosophy Mary’s mother Mary Wollstonecraft on the other hand was renowned as being one of the earliest feminists. Shelley’s life and times effected how she illustrates the birth of Frankenstein’s monster in an immeasurable way. The environment and time Shelley grew up in really does have a huge impact on the novel due to the techniques she uses and in the way she uses her language. A vast amount of scientific breakthroughs were made at this time helping dub the early 1800’s as ‘The Age of Enlightenment’. Shelley arguably has many monumental events in her life, but in my opinion none bigger the visit to Lord Byron’s house which sparked her enthusiasm for this epic novel. She was originally given a task (along with a few other people) to individually come up with something more teeth chattering and nail biting than his poem. Shelley managed to come up with what we now know as chapter five of the novel or more commonly referred to as the birth of Frankenstein. The gothic text used in this novel is very relevant to Mary’s life at this early stage; she is right in the midst of a very dark time where unnatural practices are taking place. As well as her life and times Shelley’s parental neglect also manages to tangle itself into this colossal web of a novel. As many people well know Shelley grew up in a much upheld household but suffered from relentless disregard. Although she was cast aside for many things, she was brought into all the family discussions which at this time where souly based around the graphic and gruesome public displays of galvanism. This clearly had a major impact of Mary’s novel as a whole â€Å"I might infuse a spark of being into this lifeless thing. † This directly links towards the acts of galvanism but not only that, if you submerse yourself deeper into Shelley’s life it can also be linked towards her nightmare where she dreamt she has a stillborn which she had to rub and rub constantly to get it too live and breathe. Another thing that struck me is where the monster held is arms out like a little child would to there mum its said â€Å"Oh! No mortal could support the horror of that countenance. † Which shows Victor basically brushing him aside and running like the coward that he is? This is another major notch on the belt of Mary Shelley’s subconscious parental neglect. On top of all that the major theme in the novel is the brutality and fact of the immortal soul. Mary Shelley constantly questions the prospect of the soul all the way throughout the novel from start to finish, which really does help give the reader a very influential and emotional response. Gothic text also goes very much hand in hand with the pathetic – fallacy and juxtaposition to give back a sort of airy feel to it, using words like â€Å"wretched†, â€Å"Bed Chamber† and having the colours black and white place so closely together they almost contrast each other right on the page. These words and techniques really do give you a clear indication of the sort of time this novel was written. Dante’s Inferno (a poem about sins and the seven circles of hell) also is placed into the novel to help get the readers true reaction to what they are reading; â€Å"it became a thing such as even Dante could not have conceived. † This also relates to the soul due to the way Dante had his major beliefs of the good and bad sides of the soul and what happens to them. After all that Shelley also manages to create a void and show how the duality of self effects the book. In dictionary the duality of self is described as â€Å"the composition of two parts† whether it be the body and soul or the fact Frankenstein’s monster is joined together by many different body parts; â€Å"Catching and fearing each sound as if it were to announce the approach of the demonical corpse which I had so miserably given life. † The point I’m trying to make is that in the novel the duality is shown in a vast amount of ways, and the main way is how the monster is treated less than something you would step in words like â€Å"the wretch† used over and over help get the point across very well, Victor sees the monster as inhuman, heartless and that it has no soul. Overall it’s clear to see that Shelley has got all the ingredients for the perfect novel: the language, themes, techniques, man playing god, duality of self and the immortal soul all executed flawlessly. She shows throughout her fantastic novel the there is still a little mystery in the world, and this is a key reason why she is one of the most idolised women in gothic fiction. With the discovery of DNA and cloning pressing the issues in the world today, this novel can relate to them hands down which really shows this novel can withstand the test of time. In all of Frankenstein’s attempts to disregard the monster and his responsibilities to the beast as his creator, the monster punishes Frankenstein in the forms of murder, illness, and disruption in Victor’s life. The consequences to man’s attempt to master life and death are evident and the monster symbolizes the unpredictable element to controlling human life. Man is frequently too preoccupied with the possibility of creating life to realize the responsibility and results consequential to generating what could be a monster.

The Two Gladiators By The Director Caiano - 960 Words

The film The Two Gladiators by the director Caiano has elements that are in alignment as well as contradictions with class materials and the book The Antonines: the Roman Empire which has the call number 937.07 G767a. The shortcomings of the films are contributed from the nature of dramatization, short budget, poor script and perhaps mediocre research effort. Despite so, there were five prominently consistent events portrayed in the film with the materials in class. The first was the succession of Commodus to his father’s throne of emperorship. In class, it was taught that the structure of the Roman Republic had evolved to that of an empire. Therefore instead of having a consul, an emperor existed in place. Although the principle of automatic inheritance was not the case as an emperor had to be deemed fit to rule and have the approval of the army and the bureaucracy. The second consistency found between the film and the teaching materials is the importance of the principle of duty or â€Å"officia† in the Roman Empire. When Commodus’ behavior was getting increasingly erratic, the senator, Tarruntius, started looking for Commodus’ twin, Lucius Crassus. Though the latter was caught off guard by his newly revealed identity, he tried to assume it as Tarruntius kept enforcing that it was his duty or rather a duty that a good emperor rule Rome. During class, the Romans were always said to have a sense of duty whether it be to repay someone or aid someone through the clientela

Article Analysis Bitcoin Online Gambling - 1538 Words

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Medieval Christian Europe - 2199 Words

With the decline of the Western Roman empire Western Europe was a disjointed land that had no true unifying structure till the rise of Christianity. In Roman antiquity people used the State or empire of Rome to define themselves and give them a sense of unity despite having a diverse group of people within the empire. When Western Rome fell this belief based on a Roman cultural identity disappeared and no longer were people able to identify themselves with any particular group as they once have. The Christian religion was able to fill this vacuum by having the people associate themselves to a religion instead of a given state or cultural group. During Medieval Europe Christianity became the unifying force that would define what it†¦show more content†¦The conversion of Constantine created the first Christian empire in history and would be used by future Kings of Western Europe throughout the Medieval era of Western Europe. Constantines example of building Churches and i nterjecting himself into the debate on Christian orthodoxy helped to create the existence of a Christian kingdom and how rulers should interact with the Church in general. With the fragmentation of the Roman Empire in the West regional warlords over distinct groups of people began to fill the power vacuum created by the Roman empire disappearing on their frontiers. In Gaul with the rise of the Germanic people they began to form kingdoms based around traditional institutions of loyalty and gift giving. This enabled them to bring together their ethnic people into a central governments to provide security for themselves and their peoples. Though the Roman empire may have left Gaul and their frontier areas many of the institutions that were created remained in place. The rise of Christian Churches and the power of the bishops in the city provided the new kings in Europe with another means of controlling their populations. 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Emergent Product of Globalization Digitalization †Free Samples

Question: Discuss About the Emergent Product of Globalization Digitalization? Answer: Introduction Twitter is one of the emergent product of globalization and the significant rise of digitalization. It can be deciphered as an online platform that feeds on micro blogging and short message service with a rapid state of operations. Twitter is a media tool, which has taken the shape of a social media network over the last couple of years since its inception by Jack Dorsey, Noah Glass and others (Soboleva, Burton and Khan 2015). It was introduced through the medium of cell phone with a feature of instant message in the year of 2006 with a motive of swift social reach and fulfilling the purpose of updating with the latest development and information. It operates within a maximum feature of 140 words and the users indulge in tweeting or interacting through an interface that supports multiple activities (Weller et al., 2014). The initiative was established as a start-up and is headquarters are situated in California and have successfully has been established as one of the valuable media entities of the millennial age. It enhances the engagements between the diverse mediums and stimulates the effective business operations in the age of integrated technology and relative affairs (Sornoso 2014). Customer segments Twitter or as referred to the SMS in the age of Internet has established itself as the largest forum of breaking news with the current developments in several historic and events if significance, therefore it has developed a multiple customer base over the last couple of years ( Yadav et al., 2013). The service business of integrated and strategic marketing is one of the key prospects of the micro blogging site. It is responsible for deriving business through the web optimization and digital marketing approaches through which several business corporations and brands can easily promote and market themselves (Soboleva, Burton and Khan 2016). The range of services that Twitter as a business platform offers to its customers is the global outreach with minimal investment. The value of being viral and achieving the trend of the current social model is a huge avenue which any business concern can make optimal use and flourish (Serrano and Iglesias 2016). Apart from business and organization , it can help in social integration and communal flown of information and creates a social platform for sharing and retrieval of opinion and facts which can be used resourcefully in the future. Essentially the customer segments ranges from corporations, to established brands, to entrepreneurs, individuals as well as non-profit organizations (Walker et al., 2017). Value Proposition The infrastructure of Twitter depends and thrives on creating value through its services and not only that but also finding resources and building reputation in order to generate the revenue and monetized the flow of operations. It employs a number of valuable Management, which are very useful to its customers and prospective clients (Weller et al., 2014). The initiative of strategic positioning of content have been used by the media device in order to achieve a global appeal due to the extensive framework and services it offers not just a piece of entertainment (Serrano and Iglesias 2016). The publications, media agencies and other platform associations make use of Twitter in order to reach out and distribute the content equally so there is more scope and business opportunity. The value, which it offers to the organizations, is enhanced and tailored content in order to leverage and emphasize on the services (Levinson 2014). It resolves the challenges of huge advertising cost without comprising on the effectiveness and most importantly, it is applicable for any type of business. Incorporating embedded content so that it influences the public intentions and fulfills the objectives of targeted media concerns. It also enriches and customizes marketing techniques, which can be used to target user experience, and accommodates to the current requirements ( Liu et al., 2016).Various associations for reviewing demographic and data analysis can use the web traffic and user navigation phenomenon, which is crucial for recording data and drawing significant public information through this medium. It offers an extensive source and purpose to the users, associations and advertisers in order to build a strong cohesion within strategies and derive a valuable outcome (Pantelidis 2013). Channels In regards to the medium on which Twitter operates, channelizing and streamlining strategically is important as the intensity and magnitude of reach and popularity depends a lot on prioritizing the medium or the value it creates for the customer and business houses (Culotta and Cutler 2014). The opportunities for channel are limited as online or digital mode. Therefore in cases like those that this optimum utilization is the best option, which is followed in all designs of Twitter operations and the end-to-end business, are oriented in this approach (Sornoso 2014). The context of the viral, online or digital medium is coincidentally the only available mode of channel but the variety of approaches enhances the whole procedure and pans to the system (Soboleva, Burton and Khan 2015). The definite channels and flow of communication occurs through the advertisers and the selling of data derived within the course of interaction between the whole structures of the business framework. An interactive force allows a direct appeal and interaction with it set of customers. The aspect of reaching and providing a support system through the means of cost per impression or through its value proposition is valuable for the best integration and business routines (Serrano and Iglesias 2016). Customer Relationships The primary engagements, which are available in case of open network forums like these, are the flexibility and the nature of the relation it shares with the customer. The interface is direct and there is no involvement of third party (Pantelidis 2013). The supervision and maintenance of the relationships with the customer is one of the key priorities of Twitter as it is source of capital. In order to serve the public and associations, Twitter was created therefore at the heart of all the services that it offers, feedback and efficient customer relationship is very crucial to adapting and updating the business strategies (Culotta and Cutler 2016). The responsiveness factor in regards to the interaction is essentially a stimulator of the best customer relationship. The service, which it allows to its customers, are the rebates and advantages on the abilities of digital marketing, therefore meeting the expectation of the clienteles (Weller et al., 2014). The scope of enhancing and tailoring the content in respect to the needs and meeting the requirements of the customer has helped in realizing and associating with different results and efficiently managing the quality of the range of services. It must find ways in order to improve and integrate the feedback structure so that the balance between promotion and costing behind each of its customer could have been used thoroughly for recurring more profit in it (Jiang and Erdem 2016). Revenue Streams The primary and central stream and source of revenue is the advertising and promotional optimization tools. The advertisements unit motivates and regulates the flow of revenue and enchasing the priorities of the social media site (Soboleva, Burton and Khan 2015). Advertising is one of the central revenue system of Twitter allowing to customize and regulate its business operations through the digital propositioning culture. According to the statistics revealed by Twitter, it has earned an revenue of more than 350$ million in 2015 which has been one of the most successful accomplishment with its valuation being strategically increasing (Weller et al., 2014). Promoted tweets and accounts are also source of earning revenue, which enhances the opportunities and implementation specifications for Twitter. The landing pages of any trendy product or its analysis have benefits for both this digital medium as well as the brand that have been used for the analysis and streamlining of revenues for managing and appropriating the nature of the business and the purpose of the promotion (Liu et al, 2015). Acquiring a profit of $32.2 million through its data-selling medium have been used to analyze, comprehend and collate the nature of the consequences of the API and its cooperation within an enlarged medium. The revenue streams that have been mentioned in order to allocate and determine the specifications are interconnected with the current payment and investment structure of Twitter (Culotta and Cutler 2016). Key Resources The definitions and analysis of the resources involve the market valuation and the support from the customer base is integral and significant to the outstanding profits, which they have accrued as US $ 456 in the last year, which have been as the net standing revenue in the current year (Liu et al., 2016). The users and its employees are considered as key resources and the extensive cooperation is necessary for its business operation and execution. Key Activities Twitter is involved in accumulating and providing an inconsequential pool of information, which can be useful for data collection and in marketing and promotional criteria (Soboleva, Burton and Khan 2015). The activities it indulges are mainly an initiative and a marketing tool, which integrates several mediums that have been used for the integration used in the policies for the integration and social media and used as promotional infrastructure through various brands and organizations. It can be used as a medium, which focuses on images, facts, information and several other resources available for the improvement and integration of the content. The user base of Twitter has about 300 million user on whom are based the activities and scenarios of the firm (Serrano and Iglesias 2016). Key Partnerships The key partnerships which Twitter has established along with its collaboration are KFC, Walmart, Hootsuite which enhances and stimulates the practices of Twitter. Corporations as Social Code, Macys are also key partners of the new age media forum, which Twitter stands for in this age of digitalization (Yadav et al., 2013). The magnitude of the partnerships motivates and influences the patterns of the monthly active users and its interpretation patterns over the users of Twitter. Cost structure Twitter does not charge any amount from its uses rather it is involved with the several other sources of revenue, which controls is costing patterns (Jiang and Erdem 2016). The use of the web optimization along with the appropriate use of the search engine optimization is necessary to interpret and allocate according to the requirement and patterns of the user interpretation and interaction. The take-over and the collaborations through the partnerships have help in maintaining and minimizing the cost of the resources and activities (Weller et al., 2014). Business model patterns The business model pattern which is followed by Twitter is open ended in nature with a flexible state of operations. It follows an open business model immense scope and its associative factors that have been utilized for the engagement and coordination to maintain the business polices and frameworks. Reference Culotta, A. and Cutler, J., 2016. Mining brand perceptions from twitter social networks.Marketing Science,35(3), pp.343-362. Genius. 2017. Twitter (Ft.ChrisMessina) IPO Filing. [online] Available at: https://genius.com/Twitter-ipo-filing-annotated [Accessed 4 May 2017]. Jiang, L. and Erdem, M., 2016. Twitter-marketing in multi-unit restaurants: Is it a viable marketing tool?.Journal of Foodservice Business Research, pp.1-11. Levinson, R., 2014. How Does Twitter Make Money: Twitter Marketing Guide. Liu, G., Amini, M.H., Boroojeni, K.G., Nejadpak, A. and Iyengar, S.S., 2016, May. Best practices for online marketing in Twitter: An experimental study. InElectro Information Technology (EIT), 2016 IEEE International Management on(pp. 0504-0509). IEEE. Pantelidis, I.S., 2013. Twitter marketing: does it work for hotels.Global Tourism News Channels in Tourism Industry for Travel Trade Professionals. https://? www.? tourism-review.? com/? travel-tourism-magazine-Twitter-marketing-does-it-work-for-hotels-article1711. Retrieved,25. Serrano, E. and Iglesias, C.A., 2016. Validating viral marketing strategies in Twitter via agent-based social simulation.Expert Systems with Applications,50, pp.140-150. Soboleva, A., Burton, S. and Khan, A., 2015. Marketing with Twitter: Challenges and Opportunities'.Maximizing Commerce and Marketing Strategies through Micro-Blogging, pp.1-39. Sornoso, E., 2014. 9 Small Business Twitter Marketing Examples to Study.Retrieved April,29, p.2014. Walker, L., Baines, P.R., Dimitriu, R. and Macdonald, E.K., 2017. Antecedents of Retweeting in a (Political) Marketing Context.Psychology Marketing,34(3), pp.275-293. Weller, K., Bruns, A., Burgess, J.E., Mahrt, M. and Puschmann, C., 2014.Twitter and society: an introduction(Vol. 89, pp. xxix-xxxviii). Peter Lang. Yadav, M.S., De Valck, K., Hennig-Thurau, T., Hoffman, D.L. and Spann, M., 2013. Social commerce: a contingency framework for assessing marketing potential.Journal of Interactive Marketing,27(4), pp.311-323.

Wishbone Offence Essay Example

Wishbone Offence Essay The wishbone formation commonly known as wishbone offence is a type of play formation in American football. The wishbone was a development of Offensive Coordinator Emory Bellard at the University of Texas in 1968 under the stewardship of head coach Darrell Royal. Royal instructed Bellard to come up with a different option of offence and watching Texas AM, using Gene Stallings’ option offence, defeat Bear Bryant’s Alabama team in the Cotton Bowl during the previous season’s campaign. After experimenting with family members over the summer, Coach Bellard came up with the formation. He demonstrated this formation to Darrel Royal, who immediately welcomed the idea. It indeed proved to be a well choreographed choice during the time its was implemented: Texas tied their first game using the new formation, lost the second game and then won the next consecutive thirty games and winning two National Championships using the wishbone formation. This name wishbone was given to the formation by the Houston Chronicle sportswriter Mickey Herkowitz (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wishbone_formation). Offensive formations The offensive team makes a line in a formation before snapping the ball. Different teams have their own formations with most teams preferring a base formation. Other teams however do not have a formation and therefore leave their defenses to guess. The following are the common formations. Pro set-this is a base formation commonly used by professional and more advanced teams. It consists of two wide receivers, a tight end and two running backs split behind the quarterback lined behind the center. The running backs line up besides each other contrary to the I-formation where they line in front of one another (Popik, 2006). We will write a custom essay sample on Wishbone Offence specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Wishbone Offence specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Wishbone Offence specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Shotgun formation-this is an offensive formation common to American and Canadian football. It is commonly used in a passing situation even though other teams use it as their base formation. The quarterback stands five yards back instead of receiving a snap from the center. At times, the quarterback has a back either on one side or on both sides of the snap, while in other occasions; the quarterback is used as a lone player with the rest spread out in the backfield as receivers. This gives the passer the advantage of giving the passer more time to set up open receivers. In addition, it has the advantage of giving the quarterbacks the option of standing further back which gives the player a good sight of the defensive alignment. However, the defense can predict when a pass is likely to come posing a risk of a botched snap. This formation was used in 1960 by San Francisco 49ers where it got its name. It was called a shotgun because the receivers who were spread widely across the field a re sprayed just like a scatter shot gun. Shot punt formations do not put a lot of emphasis on wide receivers. This formation is common in Canada and allows just three down movements contrary to the American football formation where the moves are four (Popik, 2006). Wishbone formation The wishbone is basically a running formation with one wide receiver, one tight end and three running backs behind the quarterbacks who takes the snap under center. The back line up behind the quarterback is the full back and the other two are halfbacks sometimes called tailbacks in other playbook terminologies. The wishbone is usually associated with the option as this formation allows the quarterback to easily run the option to either side of the line. It is also ideal for running the triple Option. The wishbone option was intended to be an Option Based Offence with the option mandated to get rid of one defender without necessarily having to block him. The defender is confronted with a choice of eliminating either of the offensive players which presents a double option because the defender has to choose between the two players. This scheme compels the defender to eliminate one of the two players who is in a position to advance the ball which allows the remaining player to carry the ball, rendering whichever choice made by the defender wrong. As a result, the defensive player can be out of the play by choice leaving the offensive player to block another defender creating a lot of pressure on the defenders to cover up the dive, the Quarterback, or to pass the ball to the receiver. On the other hand, the Triple Option eliminates two defensive players which in turn set free another two offensive players who can block different defensive players. This eliminates both the dive and the pitch to be read by the QB leaving out a Support Defensive player assisted by the Cornerback to cover up the End. Running a triple option incorporating a lead blocker is therefore the reason behind the formation of wishbone option. This extra blocker concept is the drive behind the success of wishbone formation (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wishbone_formation). The wishbone formation is based on the principles of defense and as stated by Emory Bellard this option can be solid and soun d when the danger of the fullback is applied. It is therefore a complete offence formation. The offence is meant for a one-on-one run in the passing game. The safety, who is under intense pressure from the attack, supports the run as well as defending against pass. The triple option accounts for each defensive player on the pitch. All defensive players are under threat even before the play begins. The following should be taken into account while defending (Dalton, 2005). Vertical Passing Game: One of the most outstanding formations in football is the vertical passing game. In wishbone running game, the playside blocks the safety while the playside halfback blocks the corner. In this case, the defender has to make a wise decision. The defender should determine whether the offensive player executing a block or a pass is moving towards him. For a block, the defender should stop the offensive player and should continue staying with the offensive player in case of a pass. However, the offensive player may decide to play tricks with the defender and instead of blocking in a run play, he may decide to blow right away from the defender. The defender should bait and go alongside him which becomes a good option than blocking. On the other hand, in a pass play, the offensive player may deliberately face the defender to execute a block by lowering the shoulder but instead miss him and takes off down the field. The defender might consider this as a run and attemp ts a block and instead leaving the wide receiver behind him. Wishbone formations usually increase chances of a complete vertical pass by timing the patterns. The quarterbacks count the steps and the receiver’s counts seconds before they look back and does not run at a high speed in a vertical run. Good fakes and timed release will result into a touchdown (Coach, n.d). Stalk Blocks: The defensive players are always very careful of a beat deep because of the vertical pass threat. They just sit back to read and therefore making them possible targets of a stalk block which are downfield blocks. Contrary to drive blocks where the defenders are stopped or driven back, a stalk block impedes and delays the defender for sometime which is enough for some yardage to be gained by the runner (Coach, n.d). Variations to wishbone formation The I formation is the most common in American football. It borrows its name from the vertical alignment of the quarterback, fullback and runback as seen when observed from the opposite end zone. It begins with five offensive linemen, the quarterback in the center and two backs behind the quarterback. The base variant creates a tight end to one side of the line and the two wide receivers each at one end of the line. This formation is employed in running cases. The fullback performs a blocking role instead of the receiving role as in the modern game. The fullback as a blocker can make runs to either of the sides of the line with this additional blocking capability. The fullback can also operate as a feint because the defense is able to locate him quickly than the running back that may be in his direction while taking the ball in a different direction. Apart form being employed in a running game, this formation can also be effective in a passing game. This formation supports three wide receivers with several running backs serving as receivers. The fullback is reduced to a pass receiver and can be an alternative pass blocker and therefore protecting quarterbacks before a pass is launched. The I formation is commonly used in college football (Coach, n.d). Conclusion The main reason why the practice of wishbone offence has demised is the desire by college students to feature as back and wide receivers and therefore become the center of attention of the new offence. Most modern athletes are ego-centric and therefore find it difficult to commit to wishbone offence which is a consummate offence. It is becoming difficult to recruit high school players who are eager to play in the professional league which does not embrace wishbone. Secondly the speed of linebackers and lined has been advanced as one of the reasons for the fall of wishbone.   Wishbone’s success depended on getting to the corner which allowed quarterbacks and fullbacks to have a broad distance up field. This has been made difficult by the defense consisting of line backers who run quickly as the halfbacks and quarterbacks. The punishment associated with quarterbacks is yet another reason. The quarterbacks are tackled in almost every down. Even if he passes the ball to the full back, the defenders would still attack because they will not know whether the quarterback still has the ball. Sprinting to the corner does not help either because the defenders are not aware whether the sprint will continue up field. They are also tackled when they continue up field unless they score or run out of bound. Most modern quarterbacks are stars who are very valuable to their teams. Most coaches therefore are therefore reluctant to support a formation that punishes QBs each and every game. There are difficulties to attack from behind. This is a run first offence and therefore makes it difficult to stop the clock and gain additional yards in a single game. Finally fans are completely exited with the modern high paced entertaining play (Popik, 2006) Reference: Coach, D. (n.d). Basic Wishbone Package. Retrieved on February 28th, 2009 from http://www.infosports.com/football/arch/2287.htm Dalton, K. (2005). Offensive Mastermind. Retrieved on February 28th, 2009 from http://www.capcitysportsreport.com/past/november/offensive_master Popik, B. (2006). Wishbone Offense (football formation). Retrieved on February 28th, 2009 From http://www.barrypopik.com/index.php/new_york_city/entry/wishbone_offense_football_formati Wishbone formation. Retrieved on February 28th, 2009 from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wishbone_formation