Who We Elect, Who They Elect Essays - , Term Papers

Who We Elect, Who They Elect The death of President Kennedy in 1963 was a scheme against the administration, for the legislature, and by the legislature. We, Americans, all need to kick back and wonder if a chosen official or a Godfather of the Mafia is running our nation. Who truly has more force? With the death of President Kennedy we may have discovered our feared answer, and acknowledged what our country has become. The death of President Kennedy was one of mass scheme starting on Capitol Hill and a gigantic deceive among Mafia and the administration. It was battle for a solid hang on the oval office. Lyndon Johnson, Vice-President under Kennedy, with the assistance of Texas Governor John Connaly, planned with Mafia to kill President Kennedy. The main undisputedly unmanipulated record of the death of President John F. Kennedy is a reel of film shot by Abraham Zapruder during the motorcade through Dealey Plaza. The film shows the motorcade gradually twisting through the court, going behind a street sign, and coming out the opposite side with the President holding his throat. Not long after this is seen, the side of the Presidents head appears to detonate, tossing his head back and towards Jacqueline. At that point Jacqueline is seen attempting to slither out of the rear of limousine, which is a convertible with no impenetrable top, towards the mystery administration operators running toward the vehicle. At last, the vehicle dashes off down the roadway, under a railroad connect, and far out. As per the Warren Commissions report President John F. Kennedy was mercilessly killed by two firearm fired injuries to the head and chest before scores of on lookers, in Deally Plaza, in the core of Dallas, Texas. As the Presidents motorcade turned onto Elm Street and advanced through Deally Plaza three shots rang out. The principal weapon shot seemed like a reverse discharge from a vehicle and was dismissed by the mystery administration as simply that. The subsequent shot struck the rear of the Presidents neck, leaving through his throat, and continued through Governor John Connalys shoulder, wrist, and finished by housing its self in his left leg. Connaly was sitting straightforwardly before the president at the hour of the death. The projectile, found in about mint condition, from the second expressed shot was recouped and marked show 399 (6)*. The third and lethal gave sent a rocket striking the correct side of the Presidents head, making it burst open. The Presidents vehicle das hed off to Parkland Memorial Hospital were President Kennedy was articulated dead. Inside a couple of hours of the death, Lee Harvey Oswald, a staff part at the Texas Schoolbook Depository over looking Delay Plaza, was detained in a close by film for the homicide of cop JD Tippet. The FBI and Secret Service found a Mannlicher-Carcano powerful rifle on the 6th floor of the Texas SchoolBook Depository, and connected it legitimately to Lee Harvey Oswald. Twilight of cross examination, Lee Harvey Oswald, having not admitted to any violations, was accused of the homicide of cop Tippet, and similar to the sole professional killer in the death of the President. It was treated as a straightforward situation. The following day Jack Ruby, a strip club proprietor in Dallas, shot and killed Oswald, the main prime suspect in the death, as police accompanied him out of the Dallas police dept. to be shipped to the province prison (6). The Warren Commission takes note of that during the post-mortem examination a passage wound slug opening had been found on the posterior of Kennedys neck, and is bolstered by draws and the dissection report of the injury. When photographs of the dissection, performed at Parkland Hospital, were discharged specialists found that the shot opening the report had noted was, truth be told, three to four inches lower on the back coordinating gaps in the Presidents attire (3). With the arrival of the photos of the dissection and garments, analysts have since seen an immersed blood stain under the privilege * Parenthetical references are to sources numbered in the book reference. A subsequent number alludes to page number(s). A solitary number connotes a video, talk, or meeting without pages. lip of the

The Young and Elder Consumers of SONY in United Kingdom Essay

The Young and Elder Consumers of SONY in United Kingdom - Essay Example at there will be a â€Å"increased intergenerational heterogeneity altogether spending† †i.e., the impact of annuity changes will in general change the intergenerational dissemination of pay, moving more grounded use to the older in nations which give more exhaustive inclusion of retirees’ social advantages than different nations. (1) A Sony item has been intended for elderly folks individuals and the incapacitated is the BRAVIA LCD TV arrangement for the European market, that fuses standard highlights, for example, a sound portrayal work giving the shopper a story soundtrack for the outwardly tested and debilitated, and advanced video teletext for the individuals who have loss of hearing capacity. (2) Sony’s Reader computerized gadget, another item made accessible in the US, Canada and Europe, stores hundred of books in a single unit, however permits perusers who experience issues with their vision to alter the size of the content on the screen. (3) All Sony TVs likewise accompany movable earphone sets that might be utilized all the while with the speakers to have the option to appreciate the TV program with their non-hearing disabled loved ones. 2. The opposition condition, (you can pick three comany) to the more seasoned individuals, you discover a few assets on what new items these organizations created focusing at more seasoned individuals in late years.(150-200 words) Teh, J 2009 â€Å"Make-in-Singapore Phone, iNO Mobile, for Elderly to Debut in PC Show,† TechieLobang 11 June 2009. Gotten to 18 June 2011 from http://techielobang.com/blog/2009/06/11/make-in-singapore-telephone ino-versatile for-older to-make a big appearance in-pc-appear/ Foreknowledge Technologies of Singapore, making iNO Mobile, for older and little youngsters. The telephone is portrayed as straightforward, with the essential highlights and huge number key cushion, which will serve the employments of the old and youthful who are not educated but rather need to get just the central capacities. Called the CPO9, the versatile has a sweet treat structure and will sell for an entirely sensible

No Value in an Empty Room

No Value in an Empty Room One misconception about minimalism is that it requires barren rooms, stark white walls, a vast emptiness. But it doesnt. While a clean aesthetic certainly lends itself to the minimalist lifestyle, one doesnt benefit from having nothing at all. Only a sanitarium  functions optimally when totally vacant. Everywhere else, however, requires a certain amount of stuff. How much stuff is up to usâ€"an individual choice. Yes, there is a certain elegance of minimalism. But thats because erasing that which is superfluous allows us to see the beauty in the essential. Cleaning the slate can be niceâ€"temporarily freeingâ€"but only because we  can fill the slate with whatever adds value to our  lives. Real value, though, comes only from inside usâ€"not the room, not the stuff. Of course this is much easier to notice if  theres less junk  cluttering our lives. Subscribe to The Minimalists via email.

Nature and Nurture in Psychology - 2076 Words

Name : Mavin Ochola Waganda Topic : Nature and nurture of Psychology Table of Contents Introduction 3 Nature and Nurture 3 The three distinctive schools of thoughts 3 Nature and our Biology 4 Nurture and our Behavior 4 Black and Whites in 17th centaury 5 Intelligence 5 Hostility 6 Nurture and the Inborn 6 Children perspective 7 Conclusion 9 Bibliography 10 Introduction Nature and nurture issue has its root far back in the seventeenth century when psychologist wanted to know more about psychology. Before we even start discussing this big issue that has brought a lot of argument amongst scholars, it is important first of all to understand psychology itself and how it is related to nature and nurture. According to (G.Myers, 2001), he†¦show more content†¦In his journal, (McClearn, 1993) states a research done by the Mogul emperor Akbar who reared children in isolation to discover whether their natural religion would be Hinduism, the Christian faith, or some other creed. This experiment was a failure: It only produced deaf mutes. The implied assumption in these so-called experiments is that environment contributes more than inheritance to human talents: Experiences has the power to hide the inborn nature of an individual. Through this research, we are able to understand that even though we appreciate nature, more of nurture influences our pers onality and the way we behave. To understand nurture, our psychology lecture (A.Nzangi) pointed out in one of her lecture that both gene and environment affect our behavior and hence they can’t work on their own but need each other. Nurture is the environment aspect that builds up our behavior. Example of what the environment influences to make up our behavior are; our character (morals and values), career choice, the language we speak, and our perception about life (religion, social, and political aspect in life). Black and Whites in 17th century Intelligence According to (Lawson, Goldstein, Musty, 1975), they explained a research done by Shuey (1966) that tried to prove that the whites were more intelligent than the blacks and other non-whites. It also tried to explain why blacks are more aggressive than the whites. On the intelligence facet, the researchShow MoreRelatedPsychology : Nature Vs Nurture869 Words   |  4 Pages Let’s Talk About Psychology For many years, psychologists have been interested in studying human behavior and how our brains function. Psychological research has been mainly geared towards discovering parts of the brain, and the environment that influences our behavior as individuals. In other words, research aims to provide reasons why people behave the way they do, and what makes individuals different from each other. Much to the joy of experts in the field, major strides have been made in notRead MorePsychology, Nature Vs. Nurture971 Words   |  4 Pagesthink why we are that way? The answer is found in the classic debate in Psychology, Nature vs. Nurture. Aggression is caused by learned behavior, not through genetics. There are two sides of this debate, Nature and Nurture. Nature refers to something that you’re born with and are not able to change. People that follow this are called Nativists. They believe that the traits that you have are passed down through genetics. Nurture means that your personality traits are based on your environment. ForRead MorePsychology : The Nurture Theory And The Nature Theory1498 Words   |  6 PagesIn developmental psychology, attachment describes an affectional bond between an infant and its caregiver. An infant who is attached to its caregiver will want to maintain proximity to him/her, will experience distress upon separation and will use the caregiver as a secure base. This paper will discuss two theories in developmental psychology: The nurture theory and the nature theory. The nurture theory, known as the behaviourism theory, tells us that babies learn all of their behaviours and thatRead MoreThe Meaning of Nature and Nurture in Psychology Essay1192 Words   |  5 PagesThe Meaning of Nature and Nurture in Psychology The nature nurture dichotomy is a theme always present in many areas of psychology. But is it right to talk about it as a dichotomy? , Certainly not. To say so would be like stating that they never act together, that they are contradictory and exclusive oneRead MoreNature Vs. Nurture : Psychology And Biology1449 Words   |  6 Pages Nature vs. Nurture is one of the most prevalent theories in psychology and biology; scientists previously believed that personality traits were derived from either genetics or environmental elements, but more recently have concluded that both factors play a role in the expression of genes. However, the influences of genetics and environmental factors on sexual orientation is still a controversial topic which is currently being discussed in both psychological and biological debates. While many researchersRead MoreNature Vs. Nurture : A Debate Within Psychology1344 Words   |  6 Pages1 Kaeezs Mark Lee F. Tonda PSY 100 Nature Vs. Nurture There s a debate within psychology about whether certain aspects of behavior are genetic or learned characteristics. Certain physical characteristics are genetic, like color of eyes, hair type, and skin color. Other things like driving, talking, or tying your shoes are learned. People wonder if personality and mental abilities are genetic or learned. There are good arguments for both the nurture, and nature side of these three issues: intelligenceRead MoreIn Psychology, Nature Versus Nurture Is One Of The Oldest1229 Words   |  5 PagesIn psychology, nature versus nurture is one of the oldest arguments in human development. In F. Scott Fitzgerald s novel, The Great Gatsby, the author portrayed how money was the difference between a poor man, George Wilson, and a wealthy man, Tom Buchanan. The novel explored the differences in wealth nurtured tendencies versus nature predominant actions, displayed in how the men showed their disrespect toward women, violent dispositions, and attitudes toward infidelities, which occurred withinRead MoreNature Vs. Nurture And How Studying Psychology Can Improve Critical Thinking818 Words   |  4 Pagesmission of history. The study of psychologies past endeavors to help future generations of psychology-minded individuals how the past discoveries that were implemented, and altered within the field. As with any history, knowing the successes, and possible mistakes in the within the field development can only assist future experiences. In examining the history of the psychology, upcoming psychology students are able to talk over the age-old debate of nature versus nurture. The beliefs of Darwinism stillRead MorePsychology And Science Of A Heterosexual And Homosexual Man Through The Course Of Nature Vs. Nurture1168 Words   |  5 Pagesand science background comparing the neurological anatomy and science of a heterosexual and homosexual man through the studies; Simon LeVay, Roselli, Hamers, Sanders, Han sen. The perception of whether homosexuality conforms to the course of nature vs. nurture can influence the amount of scrutiny judged upon affected individuals. So, the purpose of this extended essay is to answer the research question of to what extent is there a biological basis with neurological structurally, genetically, hormonallyRead MoreCritically Compare How the Nature-Nurture Debate Has Been Addressed by Three Different Researchers or Schools or Thought in Psychology and/or Philosophy. at Least One of the Researchers/Schools Must Have Been Active Before the 20th Century.2285 Words   |  10 Pagescompare how the nature-nurture debate has been addressed by three different researchers or schools or thought in Psychology and/or Philosophy. At least one of the researchers/schools must have been active before the 20th century. Theories whose fundamental understanding of human behaviour focuses on characteristics in which, we are born with like our genetic make-up, stable personality traits, and physical predispositions are Naturists. In contrast theorists who are on the nurture side of this debate

Society in The Handmaid’s Tale by Margaret Atwood Essay

â€Å"Atwood’s feminism is an integral part of her critical approach, just as her concept of criticism is inseparable from her creative work† Walter Pache (1). A dystopia is a fictional society, usually existing in a future time period, in which the condition of life is extremely difficult due to deprivation, oppression or terror. In most dystopian fiction, a corrupt government creates or sustains the poor quality of life, often conditioning the masses to believe the society is proper and just, even perfect. Most dystopian fiction takes place in the future but purposely incorporates contemporary social trends taken to horrendous extremes. The novel, ‘The Handmaid’s Tale’, by Margaret Atwood focuses on the choices made by those†¦show more content†¦It has taken so little time to change our minds about things like this. Then I think: I used to dress like that. That was freedom. Westernised, they used to call it.† Offred is also envious of the women as they still have freedom of choice, whereas all she has are memories of how she used to be. â€Å"The Handmaid’s Tale shares with many futuristic dystop ias, certainly ‘1984’, an interesting mode whereby our time in retrospect is heavy with nostalgia† Bernard Richards (3). ‘The Handmaid’s Tale’ belongs to this genre of anti-utopian (dystopian) science fiction. It is set in the late twentieth century when democratic institutions have been violently overthrown and replaced by the new fundamentalist Republic of Gilead. In the novel the majority are suppressed using a â€Å"Bible-based† religion as an excuse for the suppression. In Gilead, members of the society are labelled by their age and economic status. The deep red cloaks, the blue embroidered dresses, and the pinstripe garments are all uniforms to define a person’s role in society. In particular, the handmaid’s cloaks also say a lot more about their position. The fact that they are like a nun’s gown, and are also called ‘habits’, signifies chastity and dedication to God. The colour red indicates that they are fertile and menstrual. However, red is also the colour of blood, death and violence, whichShow MoreRelatedTotalitarian Society In The Handmaids Tale By Margaret Atwood934 Words   |  4 PagesIn the book The Handmaids Tale by Margaret Atwood, the story’s setting takes place in a totalitarian city, in which the government forces their will upon on the citizens and chooses what they will do in the future, especially for women. The decreasing birth rates causes the formation of this civilization, but the reader soon learn that the way the government tries to fix this problem is wrong, as it leads to more problems such as trust issues, and the inability to see others as equal. The charactersRead MoreSociety And Government In The Handmaids Tale By Margaret Atwood1411 Words   |  6 PagesAs we examine today’s society and government, there are different aspects that may lead people to agree with or be against society and government. Wh en compared to the Republic of Gilead in The Handmaid’s Tale by Margaret Atwood, civilians had little to no freedoms and abided by extremely strict regulations. The Republic of Gilead divided individuals and forced them into completing tasks and working without giving them any choice. The handmaids were forced to have sex in order to bear children, whileRead MoreThe Fine Line Between Harlot And Handmaiden907 Words   |  4 PagesHandmaiden Margaret Atwood’s The Handmaid’s Tale is a warning to the world that by classifying women by their fertility and stripping them of their rights, one can easily create a terrifying dystopia where all fabrics of society suffer the erosive consequences of female subjugation. Women have forever been classified by their fertility and by their class, which has given us such terms as baron, matronly, harlot, fertile, the help, and surrogates. Margaret Atwood’s The Handmaid’s Tale delves furtherRead MoreThe Handmaid s Warning By Margaret Atwood1363 Words   |  6 PagesThe Handmaid’s Warning What will the future bring? What will happen as feminists speak out, women work out of home, pornography spreads and is battled, and the desire for children dwindles? Perhaps life on Earth will improve. Maybe women will have the rights they demand, porn will be defeated, and people will respect women’s bodies. Maybe mothers will miraculously have the perfect number of children: just the right amount to keep the population within its limits. Or perhaps a deterioration willRead MoreThe Handmaid s Tale By Margaret Atwood1709 Words   |  7 PagesOne of Atwood’s bestselling novel is The Handmaid’s Tale, a disturbing dystopian fiction novel. The Handmaid’s Tale is a complex tale of a woman’s life living in a society that endorses sexual slavery and inequality through oppression and fear. The female characters in Margaret Atwood’s novel demonstrates how these issues affects women’s lives. Offred is the individual with whom we sympathize an d experience these issues. In The Handmaid’s Tale, Margaret Atwood addresses her perception of the ongoingRead MoreEssay on Feminist Ideas in Margaret Atwoods The Handmaids Tale1199 Words   |  5 PagesFeminist Ideas in Margaret Atwoods The Handmaids Tale For this essay, we focused strictly on critics reactions to Margaret Atwoods The Handmaids Tale. For the most part, we found two separate opinions about The Handmaids Tale, concerning feminism. One opinion is that it is a feminist novel, and the opposing opinion that it is not. Feminism: A doctrine advocating social, political, and economic rights for women equal to those of men as recorded in Websters Dictionary. This topic is prevalentRead MoreSymbolism In The Handmaids Tale1025 Words   |  5 PagesThe Handmaid’s Tale The Handmaid’s Tale is a story told in the voice of Offred, who is the character of the â€Å"handmaid†, which is described best by women who are being forced and used for reproduction because they can make babies. In the Handmaid’s Tale, Margaret Atwood uses symbolism, which is the use of symbols to represent ideas, to show the reader the handmaid’s role in society of Gilead. The handmaids were women who had broken the law of Gilead, and forced into having sex and reproducing forRead MoreThe Handmaid s Tale By Margaret Atwood1328 Words   |  6 Pageswill occur, as Margaret Atwood predicted in The Handmaid’s Tale. Atwood’s setting is futuristic, compelling, and terrifyingly believable. Her main character relates to the readers as real people. Her themes laced in the plot, from exposition to resolution, stem from conflicts with other characters, inner struggles, and heart wrenching losses. Readers are captivated as Atwood intertwines her lit erary elements, and warns the audience of a possible reality. Margaret Atwood tells the tale of a handmaidRead MoreExamples Of Utopia In The Handmaids Tale1246 Words   |  5 Pages A Utopian Dystopia the Handmaids Tale Hello, and good morning today’s date is October 18 and my name is Zainab Bahia and this is my Individual Oral Presentation on The Handmaids Tale by Margaret Atwood. When The Handmaid’s Tale was published in 1985, the world’s search for a utopia had failed, resulting in some of the most disastrous social experimentations in the history of humankind, much like Adolf Hitler’s Nazi Germany. Dystopia flourished and took on a new importance as technology gave riseRead MoreOppression Of Women In The Handmaids Tale1732 Words   |  7 Pagesshown in The Handmaid’s Tale When describing the newly established society in The Handmaid’s Tale, the Commander states that â€Å"better never means better for everyone [...] it always means worse, for some† (Atwood, 244). This accurately describes the nature of patriarchal societies, such as the society that is described by Margaret Atwood in The Handmaid’s Tale. The Republic of Gilead is a patriarchal society that has religious, and patriarchal values that benefit the men in the society, at the expenses

Joseph’s Story Free Essays

B. Assuming that Joseph’s heart stopped, all of the cellular processes and membrane functions are going to be affected. The loss of oxygen is going to affect everything, ultimately killing off all of the cells. We will write a custom essay sample on Joseph’s Story or any similar topic only for you Order Now Loss of oxygen and glucose will affect the mitochondria, making it unable to make ATP, the energy the body requires to function. Without any oxygen, the membrane will no longer be able to control its diffusion processes/pumps, allowing anything in and out of the cell and not properly getting rid of wastes. Leaving all of the waste behind, unable to regulate itself, all of the cells will eventually die off. C. In a human cell, the golgi complex, nucleus(nuclear envelope), and entire cell(plasma membrane) have membranes. During his heart attack the lysosomal enzymes, formed from the golgi complex, began to digest the membranes and all of their organelles, thus affecting the heart because all of the cells are being destroyed and can no longer function homeostatically. D. Inside the nucleus, the chromosomes house the instructions Joseph’s body needs to repair itself and his predisposition for vascular disease. E. Integral and peripheral proteins are involved in the homeostatic imbalances of Joseph’s heart because now, due to lack of oxygen and glucose, they are not performing their jobs correctly. Both proteins are now allowing anything in and out of the cell at its own will with no system to it. F. Reestablishing oxygen flow to Joseph’s body was so important because it got oxygen to the cells and the carbon dioxide out of the body. All of the process in the body would have ultimately stopped if oxygen flow has not been reestablished. H. Joseph’s heart failed because without oxygen or glucose the cells cannot make ATP. Without ATP the cells do not have the necessary energy to undergo any of their cellular processes. Eventually the cells will actually start digesting themselves, thus making the heart and all the other org ans in the body fail. How to cite Joseph’s Story, Papers

Reflection on Field Visit free essay sample

This report will outline my field visit at RSL aged care center. I was required to observe the nurses performing their roles, communication and safety practice in a professional working environment. While comparing the reality with my expectation, I have to reflect on what I felt, what had been my experience, and what I have to learn more. I am also required to be aware of any unsafe practice that might happen in that field and suggest a solution for it. In my imagination, RSL could have been a hospital with many nurses, doctors and odern equipment. The patients could have been very old, weak and immobile. However, what I observed was surprising. It was not only a green space, but a landscape of hills, caves, trees, flowers, and ocean view. Few nurses wore uniform except some who were doing their cleaning Job. Some aged people who looked independent were doing exercise or swimming. We will write a custom essay sample on Reflection on Field Visit or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Some immobile old men and women were listening to the music and singing. I saw an Indian lady who was feeding an old man in the dining room, I thought they must have been daughter and father because hey were so close to each other, but later I was told that they were not, they were nurse and patient. Until that mean time I understood the definition of holistic caring process which was described as the care of the total human being (the interconnectedness of the body, mind, emotion, spirit, social/cultural, relationship, context and environment) (Mariano, 2007). In order to carry it out, firstly, I have to improve my English and body language as they are not impressive enough now, and his can be done by further self-training and practice. Secondly, I am concerned about other critical skills which were said as prioritizing patient care and managing a case load (Carlisle et al. , 1999) because the work load I perceived was very huge, and the best way is to take every opportunity of practice in my practical class HLSC 110 to get used to the Job as much as possible and Join a workshop of time management. Regarding safety practice, the only thing that I could figure out was the glass doors, I hink they were so large and clear that the aged might hit them easily, some highlight labels may be necessary. The fact that I could not find more risks made me worried. I came from Vietnam which has low development in medical services, my awareness of safety is far different from that of my Australian classmates. Things seemed to be fine and high standard to me, but not to my friends. I have to find some researches in risk assessment tools to support my knowledge. In conclusion, I think the visit was very helpful. It really makes sense about what roles the nurses have to perform and what care means. It also helps me to recognize my lack of the Job so that I can clarify my objectives of learning.

How to Write a Synthesis Essay Complete Guide - Bestessay4u

Students encounter many different assignments, with varying levels of complexity and length. One of the most challenging papers you may ever have to write is the synthesis essay. When working on this type of assignment, you will be expected to contrast and compare two or more sources and offer a balanced analysis. Don’t worry if you find this type of assignment challenging. With the tips outlined here, you will be able to complete an outstanding paper on time. What Is a Synthesis Essay? Before we dive into an analysis of how you can write your paper lets go over some important definitions. In essence, a synthesis essay implies a written discussion where the author analyzes different sources. This type of work is often issued to assess the student’s ability to locate, dwell on and explain connections between sources. As a student, the main point to keep in mind is that to synthesize means to collect and form into a new whole. The different sources are the parts, each with its distinct view or views on a specific topic. The whole is your essay, where you state and support your position, considering views from both sides of the issue. The synthesis paper bears a lot of similarity with the argumentative essay, although it is more nuanced. Â  You will be expected to employ a specific type of thinking that departs from the argumentative essay. Although the argument essay can sometimes be relatively philosophical, the synthesis paper targets a particular topic. For instance, you may be asked to evaluate factors and consider the implications of that very issue. This is a step further from defending, qualifying, or challenging a position as required by the argumentative essay. In the synthesis paper, you are required to integrate the information from the different sources into your argument, either through paraphrasing, summarizing, or using direct quotes. Just keep in mind that the sources will not make your point for you. They only offer supporting perspectives, information, and viewpoints allowing to clarify your position. You will also need to draw conclusions on the quality and validity of the sources. How to Start a Synthesis Essay Fast Any writer will tell you that one of the most challenging tasks is getting your paper started. You may find yourself wasting valuable time thinking about how to write that first sentence. Well, if you plan sufficiently, this initial step shouldn’t be so hard. A good tip from professional writers is to start writing a synthesis essay by organizing it is stages. The first phase is the prewriting where you prepare all the materials needed. Start out by reading and understanding the prompt. The prompt is your guide and should inform the entire work. You will be surprised by the sheer number of students who fail their assignments as a result of failing to follow instructions. As yourself the following questions: What is the desired word count? What is the essay question? Do the instructions specify particular sources? Is there a determined topic? Understanding these elements will prepare you for the actual writing process. Consider the various factors to be evaluated before you arrive at an ideal position. Please note that, in this type of assignment, even if the evaluations or factors are not explicitly mentioned, your instructor will still expect you to consider them as you discuss the issue. Once you have read and understood the prompt, it is time to form a tentative position on the issue. This will be the basis of your thesis statement. The next important step is actually to read the sources. Whether you have specific assigned sources or have chosen them on your own, you must first understand what the authors say on the issue. This may sound obvious, but many students start writing their syntheses without even reading the text. To save on time, you may need to scan quickly through sources to pick the ones that are most useful for your purposes. Just make sure that you completely understand the arguments made in the selected sources so that you do not misrepresent any source. Take clear notes as you read as these will help you during the outlining phase. Important Tips on How to Write a Good Synthesis Essay All the preparation in the world will not be of much help if you do not begin the actual writing as soon as possible. A good idea is to approach the assignment in the same way you would a critical literature review by organizing your notes into an outline, and giving details as you continue with the research. Please note that the way you introduce your paper will influence whether the audience actually reads the rest of it. Indicate your objective at the beginning of the piece, presenting a well-articulated and thoughtful argument. Also, make sure that you include an arguable thesis statement. This is the central claim that you make regarding the sources. In most cases, the thesis is inserted towards the end of the introduction. Although you could use freewriting to get the paper started, it is often a good idea to use your plan to organize the paper. When writing the initial draft, don’t worry too much about typos and grammar mistakes. You will have time to edit the work much later. At this point, your focus should be on making the content flow. Document your sources as you write. Synthesis Essay Outline As previously indicated, it is always a good idea to write from a plan. When writing a synthesis paper, the outline is your way of organizing your thoughts and main points. It is the roadmap of how the writer intends to approach the process. In your plan, include main ideas and sub-ideas, which you can then build on as you draft the paper. Ideal Synthesis Essay Structure Notwithstanding the type of paper, there is always a structure to give coherence and enhance flow. For a synthesis essay, most instructors recommend including a tripartite format, including a catchy introduction, a detailed body, and a concise conclusion. Writing a Catchy Synthesis Essay Introduction A good introduction is your chance to make a strong first impression. Connect with your readers by starting with a catchy hook, before presenting some background information to prepare the path for a clear and arguable thesis statement. Avoid the temptation to perform part of the discussion in the introductory paragraph. There will be space for that. Synthesis Essay Body The body of your paper is your chance to present your points, carefully showcasing the different views from the sources to make your case. The general rule is to have one idea for each paragraph, with the other sentences supporting the idea and providing a transition to the next idea. Make sure to accurately cite sources within the text. Synthesis Essay Conclusion The final part is where you wrap things up neatly. Use the conclusion to emphasize the thesis, and show how your main points tie to the central claim. Avoid introducing new information. Additional Synthesis Essay Tips The synthesis essay is more than just a summary of sources. Rather, it is a paper where you articulate points and assess how different sources contribute towards supporting or refuting them. Go further and analyze the material. Use the plan you created in the prewriting phase. Most importantly, like with other forms of academic papers, make sure to reference your sources. To complete an outstanding paper, avoid merely summarizing the sources. Instead, make sure to make your point, supporting it with evidence from the material. Analyze the material. Need More Witting Help? Get It Here The tips outlined here are meant to help you improve your writing prowess. It must be reiterated, however, that effective writing is a skill that takes time to learn and effectively execute. If you feel, for whatever reason, that cannot complete the synthesis essay on your own, there is no need stressing about it. You can easily get a fast and reliable essay writing assistance from our experienced company. We guarantee a carefully researched and expertly written paper within the agreed period. Our best essay writers have had time to master their craft and will their accumulated knowledge and skills to complete a top-notch paper on your behalf. Don’t Miss out on This Chance to Get an Outstanding Paper The information presented here should help you improve your writing in the long run. For now, do not shy ways from getting expert assistance. We have helped thousands of students to complete synthesis papers on time. We can do the same for you. Don’t hesitate —use this chance to get a well-written paper.

History of Omar Khayyam essays

History of Omar Khayyam essays The man who was to keep the torch of scientific humanism alight within early Islamic civilization was born a thousand years after the death of Lucretius, and into a vastly different cultural setting. Nevertheless, in all that Omar Khayyam wrote one can clearly recognize the influence of the great Roman poet, and of the naturalistic Epicureanism that he celebrated. This is doubly remarkable when we recall that, during the centuries between Lucretius and Khayyam, a Dark Age had engulfed and stifled Western Europe. The spread of a mystical form of religion throughout the remnants of the Roman empire, combined with the influence of the Germanic tribes, had gradually produced what amounted to a reversion to barbarism. Gullibility and ignorance pervaded life at all levels, while economic activity declined to primitive levels of barter. An attitude of contempt for earthly existence and bodily pleasures had become the norm, along with belief in all manner of superstition and magic. Southward and eastward, however, two different cultural patterns had emerged. One was the Byzantine Empire populated by Hellenized Central Asians: Greeks, Syrians, Jews, Armenians, Egyptians and Persians. It existed as a static, class-dominated, authoritarian society, with change occurring only in extreme form and imposed from without. Yet, by the sheer fact of its existence, in those first cruel centuries following the fall of Rome, this remnant of the ancient civilizations performed a critical holding action for human culture. Within it were preserved many of the achievements of the Hellenic and Classical world. Then, in the seventh century, came the emergence of a new religion among the Arabs and Bedouins to the south, sparking a civilization which eventually encompassed and surpassed what little there had been of original Byzantine achievement. Mohammed, the founder of Islam, became at the same time the founder of a new Arabic state with its capital at M...

How national culture relates to marketing strategy Essay

How national culture relates to marketing strategy - Essay Example From this research it is clear that numerous authors have studied various market theories and models with respect to national cultural effects. Their works looked at the specifics of marketing tasks to culture (micromarketing view) and the marketing concept to culture (macro marketing view). However, there are no significant works on the view between the micromarketing and the macromarketing in which the realm of marketing strategy falls. One reason for this is that it is typically a more difficult area to study. Each type of business dictates a different marketing strategy. It is easier to study very specific items, such as culture to product development, or culture to product choice. Or study very broad topics, such as national culture to market orientation. However, the study of marketing strategy is between the micro and macro marketing views making it difficult to develop theories that are testable. Overall marketing strategy is too broad to practically study, yet not homogeneou s enough to relate to as a whole. Therefore, to study this area requires the creation of artificial boundaries.Since it is such a difficult area to study authors have not published any significant research that may lead to a better understanding of why businesses have failed in their international efforts. Moreover, there is still debate among the academic community concerning the relevance of national culture in regards to customization versus standardization of products and marketing efforts.

Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 40

Management - Essay Example In business, the resolution to communicate in any of the three form of communication can be an influential one. In addition, a good leader is conscious of the nonverbal messages communicated by whichever type of communication. It is vital to note that in most organization only 7% of verbal communications are done via the mouth. Communication channels differ in how rich their information is. Information-rich channels put across more information that is non verbal. Verbal communications are usually richer than on paper information. Research illustrates that effectual managers are inclined to employ more information-rich message channels than less successful leaders. As it appears in the contemporary business society, the technology is mostly used to deliver information. However, this is not the most effective way to answer and send messages for various reasons. In the progress of an organizational structure, communication mediums are a significant consideration. The boss in a hierarchical system is a connection in the communication sequence. It is the hierarchical organization that provides direction to and inflicts limitations upon the stream of communications. Management choices and rules flow from superior to inferior levels in the business. Replies and reports from the subordinate level managers follow up in the organization. The managers use various mediums of communication depending on the receiver and most importantly the effectiveness of the medium. Also, there are several mediums of communication that involves the use of business email. In this case, an approximate 60 billion e-mails are sent every day. That makes the use of e-mail as a communication medium the second most accepted medium of communication internationally. The development of e-mail has been stunning but it has also been accompanied by several challenges in managing information in organizations, effectiveness and the growing speed of conducting business. Some leaders

The Driving Forces Behind Crowdfunding Management Essay

The Driving Forces Behind Crowdfunding Management Essay How can you raise over 10,000,000 in funding for a consumer product, that is not yet produced, without any help from banks, angel investors or venture capitalists. How can you make hundreds of people pay for a meal they just might receive in a distant future? How is it possible to turn thousands of committed customers to also become shareholders without the process of an IPO? The answer is crowdfunding, which is a financing method that has exploded in popularity the last few years and that is changing the way many individuals, start-ups and businesses seek funding (kà ¤lla Forbes). The basic idea of crowdfunding is to raise external finance from a large audience (the crowd), where each individual provides a very small amount, instead of soliciting a small group of sophisticated investors (Schwienbacher Larralde, 2010, p. 1). The individuals, investors, customers or consumers that make up the crowd are called crowdfunders (Schwienbacher Larralde, 2010, p. 4) and usually pool their money together via the Internet (kà ¤lla) An example of how powerful crowdfunding can be is the Pebble E-paper Watch, a smartwatch for iPhone and Android, which raised $10,266,845 in investments during roughly one and a half months on the crowdfunding platform Kickstarter (Kickstarter. 2012c). Another example is the Swedish hamburger restaurant Flippin Burgers, which got hundreds of individuals paying for a hamburger before the restaurant even existed and simultaneously financed the start-up of their now immensely popular venue in Stockholm (kà ¤lla). example of equity crowdfunding The crowdfunding market has grown with 557 % in the last five years and crowdfunding platforms raised a total of almost $1.5 billion in 2011, exceeding one million successful projects (Massolution, 2012). This number is predicted to double in 2012 with the current growth rate, which indicates that this nascent method of financing definitely has the potential to make a substantial change in the way individuals, start-ups and businesses seek financing (kà ¤lla). The long-term potential of crowdfunding is hard to predict, but currently the phenomena of crowdfunding looks promising. With scarce research on the subject, there are many aspects of crowdfunding that are still unexplored and with the projected industry growth, a demand will likely arise for a foundation of which entrepreneurs and managers can make informed decisions when hosting crowdfunding projects. 1.1. Background The background chapter will firstly cover the consumers involvement over time and its implications on crowdfunding, then a definition of crowdfunding will follow and lastly three different types of crowdfunding will be presented. 1.1.1. The Consumers Involvement Consumers have traditionally been positioned at the end of a firms value chain, but last decades their role have changed from not only being a target for marketing activities, to actually being a part of the value creation of a firms products or services (Hunt, Geiger-Oneto Varca, 2012, p. 347). The consumers have subsequently become key information sources, co-producers, partners for innovation and, finally, co-creators of value in the related literature (Ordanini, Miceli, Pizzetti Parasuraman, 2011, p. 444). This shift of focus on the role of the consumer has led to frequent activities by many firms to involve consumers and unidentified individuals in the process of product development and value creation (Zheng, Li, and Hou, 2011, p. 57). Involving consumers as co-producers and co-creators also provides value for the consumers and the process has been positively correlated with the consumers product satisfaction (Hunt et al., 2012, p. 347). This evolution of the consumers role was made possible initially by the rise of the Internet and later by technological innovations associated with Web 2.0 (Kleemann, Voß and Rieder, 2008, p. 5). Web 2.0 is a expression coined in 2004 noting a set of principles and practices that had emerged on the Internet, such as users being co-developers of open source development practices (OReilly, 2007, p. 19 30). Recently, the consumers role has also expanded to include investment support. This phenomenon of collective efforts by consumers and individuals to pool their money together via the Internet to invest in different projects is called crowdfunding (Ordanini et al., 2011, p. 444). Kleemann et al. (2008) argue that we are witnessing an emerge of a new consumer type called the working consumer. Ordanini et al. (2011) also describes the idea of crowdfunding, when consumers and individuals pay for producing and promoting a product instead of buying it, as a further step in the evolution of the consumers role. In association with these initiatives of involving the consumers as investors, there are several issues in the boundaries between marketing and finance, that are not yet fully explored and explained (Ordanini et al., 2011, p. 444). Zheng et al. (2011) have shown that consumers get involved in similar kind of initiatives to a great extent because of their intrinsic motivations. However, the field of crowdfunding is still unexplored when it comes to why and how consumers contribute with monetary investments, the selection of initiatives and what implications these behaviors within crowdfunding should have for firms and managers engaging in these kind of activities (Ordanini et al., 2011, p. 444). 1.1.2. A Definition of Crowdfunding Crowdfunding is defined as: an initiative undertaken to raise money for a new project proposed by someone, by collecting small to medium-size investments from several other people (i.e. a crowd) (Ordanini et al., 2011, p. 444) The actors involved in crowdfunding are the people who propose projects to be funded, the crowdfunding organization and the crowd itself. The crowdfunding organization serves as a form of hub, bringing together those who may want to invest in crowdfunding initiatives and those who seek investments for their projects via crowdfunding (Ordanini et al., 2011, p. 444-445). These crowdfunding organizations typically conduct their business via a website, (compare: http://www.indiegogo.com/, http://www.kickstarter.com/ and https://www.sellaband.com/) in which actors can advertise their crowdfunding initiatives to the crowd. The crowdfunding phenomena is much like regular investments, some efforts are successful and some are not. A popular crowdfunding site at the time of writing, Kickstarter, reports that 43.81 % of the crowdfunding projects at their website are successful   (Kickstarter. 2012d). They also report that they do not accept just any crowdfunding request and that about 25 % of submitted projects are not accepted to the site (Kickstarter. 2012b). This means, in practice, given that their numbers are correct, that about one third (0,75*0,4381à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‹â€ 1/3) of the attempted crowdfunding projects at the website in question are successful. One example of such a successful crowdfunding project in 2012 is Pebble E-paper Watch, which in total raised $10,266,845 in investments during roughly one and a half months (Kickstarter. 2012c). This demonstrates that it is indeed possible to obtain large investments from crowdfunding. 1.1.3. Different Types of Crowdfunding Crowdfunding can be divided into three different types of crowdfunding initiatives: (Schwienbacher Larralde, 2010, p. 13) Donations asking for donations rather than offering some kind of financial or remunerative incentive in exchange of an investment (Schwienbacher Larralde, 2010, p. 13). Example: Raising money for a good cause, like surgery of a diseased child. Passive investments giving some form of incentive in exchange for investments, these incentives can take many forms. In general a higher investments yields a higher incentive. Most crowdfunding like this does not offer any kind of possibility for the investor to participate in the project. This is in other words a form of crowdfunding where the entrepreneurs raise money without giving up control or having the customers actively involved (Schwienbacher Larralde, 2010, p. 13). Example: Pre-ordering of a product (such as a music CD). Active investments offering an active role in the initiative in exchange for investments. This could include offering shares of the profit or voting rights for features of the product. As in the case of passive investments, a higher investment in active investments generally yields a higher incentive. The entrepreneurs can in this way gain insight in their markets and receive valuable information of how the market thinks the product should be customized (Schwienbacher Larralde, 2010, p. 13-14). This type of investment with involvement in co-production, increases product satisfaction (Hunt, Geiger-Oneto Varca, 2012, p. 354). Example: Offering shares of profit from a concert, in proportion to how much money is invested. 1.2. Problem Discussion and Previous Research As a new emerging phenomena, crowdfunding and its consequences for businesses and consumers are not fully understood. For instance: what drives the engagement of consumers to invest in crowdfunding initiatives? (Ordanini et al., 2011, p. 444) One interesting way of approaching this question is stated by Ordanini, Miceli, Pizzetti and Parasuraman (2011, p. 446): Some extant literature streams are helpful in providing an appropriate backdrop for understanding crowd-funding, although insights from each stream only address some but not all aspects of this emerging phenomenon. This method provides an helpful framework for approaching the problem. The actors that invest in crowdfunding projects can be seen as both customers and investors (Schwienbacher Larralde, 2010, p. 13 Ordanini et al., 2011). This, in combination with the statement above, suggests that it is interesting to investigate why people participate and invest in crowdfunding projects both from a customer behavior perspective and an investment behavior perspective. Crowdfunding is as mentioned in 1.1.2 conducted online. If crowdfunders are seen as customers, the act of participating in crowdfunding can be compared to customer behavior in online shopping. Research in online customer behavior suggest that customers are motivated by extrinsic and intrinsic motivations when shopping online (Shang, Chen, Shen,   2005, p. 401). Since crowdfunding is a relatively new phenomena, the literature in the subject is far from extensive. To demonstrate this, examples of searches in Scopus and Thomson Reuters Web of Knowledge as of the 25th of October 2012 will be presented below. Scopus and Web of Knowledge are extensive databases tracking citations with 47 million (SciVerse, 2012) and 49,4 million (Web of Knowledge, 2011) records respectively. A search for the term crowdfunding in Scopus rendered 5 results when limiting the results to articles. The same search in Web of Knowledge rendered 9 articles. Out of all these articles the oldest one was from 2011 (Ley Weaven, 2011), and the rest were published in 2012. This demonstrates that crowdfunding is indeed a new phenomena, and from these quick searches it can be concluded that the literature in crowdfunding is scarce. In a review of the literature found during the literature study which laid the foundation to this thesis (and included broader search terms than the above mentioned) it was found that it was only Ordanini, Miceli, Pizzetti Parasuraman (2011) who have studied how and why people engage in crowdfunding initiatives. The authors did this by conducting interviews with employees at three major crowdfunding platforms. Their findings revealed that crowdfunding participants motivations were very dependent on the type of project. Their study showed that the main motivation is patronage for music projects, monetary return for financial loaning and social participation for charity. However, their findings are based on interviews with informants from the crowdfunding intermediates without including any individual investors in their study. It appears to be a knowledge gap from an investor perspective, investigating the investors motivations to participate in crowdfunding initiatives. Since the actors engaging in crowdfunding initiatives can be seen as both customers and investors (Schwienbacher Larralde, 2010, p. 13 Ordanini et al., 2011), it is interesting to research why individuals get involved in crowdfunding both from a customer behavioral perspective and an investment behavioral perspective. To the extent of our knowledge, this has not been covered in the literature so far.   In summary, the literature on crowdfunding is scarce and while some aspects of crowdfunding has been studied, others remain unexplored. The purpose of this study is to attempt to fill the mentioned knowledge gap about motivations in the literature of crowdfunding and contribute to widening the research on crowdfunding. This thesis will examine the factors that motivate customers/investors to engage in passive crowdfunding projects. 1.3. Research Questions The problem description has resulted in the following research questions: 1. How do crowdfunders intrinsic and extrinsic motivations affect their size of investment in passive crowdfunding projects? 2. How important is the influence of other crowdfunders investments? 1.4. Purpose The purpose of this study is to research the relatively new phenomena of crowdfunding and examine the motivational factors that make people invest in crowdfunding projects. By examining why consumers invest in crowdfunding projects this study is intended to contribute to fill the knowledge gap identified in the problem description. The literature in general about crowdfunding is scarce and to our knowledge this type of study about crowdfunding has not been conducted before. Praktiska tillà ¤mpningar 1.5. Disposition The disposition of the thesis will be as follows, after this section a chapter about the theory used in this thesis will be presented, followed by a chapter about the research design and methods used. After that, the results of our surveys will be presented and a critical discussion about the results will follow. At the very end, the conclusions from the study will be presented and after that a list of references and appendixes will finalize this essay. 2. Theory This chapter will present the theory that lays the foundation to the thesis. First, customer behavior and relevant motivation theory will described and related to crowdfunding, including the important distinction made in this thesis between intrinsic and extrinsic motivation. Second, relevant investment behavior theory related to crowdfunding and an explanation of the phenomena of momentum in crowdfunding will be explained. 2.1 Customer Behavior As mentioned in the problem discussion, the individuals participating in crowdfunding projects can be seen as both customers and investors (Schwienbacher Larralde, 2010, p. 13 Ordanini et al., 2011). The first research question of this thesis is What motivates crowdfunders to invest in crowdfunding projects?, therefore motivation theories will be presented below. In general, motivation research   is directed to finding motives for peoples behavior (Sheth Mittal, 2004, p. 234). Within customer behavior, motivation research is aimed at finding out the conscious or subconscious reasons that motivate people to buy or not to buy a particular product, service or brand, or to patronize or avoid a store, or to accept or reject a marketing communication (ibid.). In this study, the research will be aimed at finding out the reasons why customers engage in crowdfunding initiatives, in other words, why they purchased the incentive offered at a given investment level. 2.1.1. Motivation Ryan Deci describes to be motivated as the means to be moved to do something (2000a, p. 54). A person who is motivated is a person who is inspired, energized or activated to act, where as an unmotivated person, feels no drive, incentive or stimulus to act. Motivation can be measured in terms of the level of motivation and the orientation of the motivation. The level of motivation refers to how much motivation an individual has, for example when a potential customer is out shopping for a car, if the salesman who assists the customer get paid in terms of commission it could be expected that this salesman has a higher level of motivation to make the sale than if the same salesman would have a fixed salary and no commission. The orientation of motivation refers to the underlying motives, goals and attitudes of the motivation, in other words why someone is motivated. An example of orientation of motivation is that a student may do her homework because she finds it interesting and intrigu ing, or the student may do her homework because her teacher and parents require her to do it. The student in this example may have equal level of motivation in both cases, but the nature of the motivation is entirely different because of its origin (Ryan Deci, 2000a, p. 54-55). A basic distinction of orientations of motivation is the distinction between intrinsic motivation and extrinsic motivation: (Ryan Deci, 2000a, p. 55) 2.1.1.1. Intrinsic Motivation Intrinsic motivation is an orientation of motivation that origins in doing something for its inherent satisfactions rather than doing something to achieve an outcome. An intrinsically motivated person is a person who is motivated because an activity is fun, challenging, novel, interesting or simply put satisfying psychological needs (Ryan Deci, 2000a, p. 56-57). This can be compared to that children from the date of birth are active, curious and playful in despite of rewards being absent. It is a natural motivation that encourages assimilation, mastery, spontaneous interest and exploration that is so essential to cognitive and social development and that represents a principal source of enjoyment   and vitality throughout life (Ryan Deci, 2000b, p. 70). In crowdfunding, examples of intrinsic motivation could be to fund a technological project of a gadget because it is fun, or funding a project raising money for surgery of a child out of compassion. An important concept in the case of charity is warm-glove giving. Warm-glove giving means that donors are egoistically motivated by the act of giving and not only the altruism  Ã‚  Ã‚   (Andreoni, 1990, p. FIXA). 2.1.1.1. Extrinsic Motivation Extrinsic motivation is in contrast to intrinsic motivation when the origin of motivation lies in obtaining a separable outcome from performing an activity. Satisfying psychological needs is not necessarily related to extrinsic motivation, instead extrinsic motivation covers the continuum between amotivation and intrinsic motivation (Ryan Deci, 2000b, p. 71-72). An illustration of this is that a student may do her homework because she fears sanctions from her parents or because the student sincerely believe that doing the homework will be valuable for her future career. In the latter case intrinsic motivation and feeling of choice is present, while in the prior case external control and compliance is imminent. Even though both cases involves intentional behavior, the types of extrinsic motivation is different because they vary in autonomy. In crowdfunding, examples of extrinsic motivation could be to fund a technological project of a gadget because an incentive given is the actual gadget, or funding an artists concert for a share of the profit. 2.1.2 Shopping experience 2.2. Investment Behavior According to Ordanini et al. (2011), the emerging phenomena of crowdfunding has transformed consumers into investors. The consumers are contributing financially to other peoples or organizations projects and expect either a monetary or non-monetary incentive for their support. Thus, the characteristics of crowdfunding are very similar to financial investments and the behavior of crowdfunders can thereby resemble the investment behavior of individuals in financial markets   (Ordanini et al., 2011, p. 450). Herding Behavior in Online Shopping A large group (a crowd or mob) is likely to show examples of group behaviour 2.2.1. Herding Behavior in Financial Markets Crowdfunding projects seem to follow similar patterns where the financing of the crowdfunders triggers a chain reaction and facilitates rapid growth at a certain point (Ordanini et al., 2011, p. 457-458). This kind of snowball effect in the crowdfunders behavior, of something small building upon itself and becoming larger, can be found and be explained in several investment situations and can be both positive and negative. This investment behavior can be found as a negative effect in bank runs (Iyer Puri, 2012, p. 1414) and as a positive effect in rational herding in financial economics (Devenow Welch, 1996, p. 603). Bank runs are situations when bank customers withdraw their deposits from banks because they dont believe that the bank can keep them safe. This phenomenon has been a recurrent case in the history, from the Great Depression in the 1930s, to the financial crisis recently (Iyer Puri, 2012, p. 1414). The same pattern can be found in rational herding in the financial mark ets, when investors act based on other investors decisions rather than information about the investment itself (Masson, Gotur Lane, 2001, p. 100). Imitation and mimicry are two of the humans most basic instincts, which could partly explain why investors are influenced by the decisions of other investors in financial economics (Devenow Welch, 1996, p. 603). Rational herding occurs because of payoff externalities and information externalities. Payoff externalities is when investors benefit from other investors following their actions and information externalities is when investors gain useful information from observing previous investors decisions to a level where they consider it to be more reliable than their own information (Masson, Gotur Lane, 2001, p. 100). 2.2.2. Investment Momentum in Crowdfunding Ordanini et al. (2011) have found that a similar momentum in crowdfunding occurs at a recurrent stage of the crowdfunding process and they have identified three distinct phases in the investment process that are applicable to most crowdfunding projects. The first phase includes the investments reaching approximately half of the projects target capital and mostly consists of investments from people who are directly connected to the project or the network of the creator of the project. The emphasis in this phase is the involvement of people related to the project or the creator to accumulate a start funding underlying the rest of the crowdfunding process (Ordanini et al., 2011, p. 457-458). The second stage usually slows down in investment growth and is considered to be the most delicate and important phase, since it typically determines if a project fails or succeeds. Motivating and involving people in this phase is crucial to trigger the crowding process and the inability to do so is a very common reason for failure (Ordanini et al., 2011, p. 457-458). The third and last phase is when a project triggers a chain reaction that facilitates rapid growth to reach and, in some cases, exceed the investment target. The crowdfunders in this phase are primarily people without any original connection to the project and the investment process usually speeds up when it comes closer to the accumulated target investment. Ordanini et al. (2011) claim that the reason for this is that in many cases, the opportunity to invest will disappear as the project reaches its target investment. In this situation, the crowdfunders act very similar to investors in the financial markets and nobody want to miss the opportunity to invest and be a part of the project, which results in a chain reaction triggering more and more people to invest (Ordanini et al., 2011, p. 457-458). Crowdfunding momentum graph? (Ordanini) 3. Method This chapter will explain the method used in this thesis. Firstly a broad perspecitve of the method used will be presented, the Research approach and Research design. After that a more narrow view and thesis specific details will be presented; the Research strategy using surveys, the conduction of the survey and the data analysis. Finally the reliability, validity and replicability of this study and the presentation of data will be presented. 3.1. Research Approach As shown, crowdfunding is a subject on which there is little existing literature and scarce knowledge. Because of the insufficient prior research on the topic, it is simply not possible to define a theoretical framework for a hypothesis, which precludes a deductive research approach (Saunders et al., 2007, p. 127). The research questions emphasizes on why something is happening, rather than being able to describe what is happening, which implies that a more inductive approach would be appropriate (Saunders et al., 2007, p. 126). Although, an inductive approach involves drawing generalizable inferences out of observations (Bryman Bell, 2007, p. 14), which is not an accurate relationship between the theory and data in the study since the research questions are based on previous studies. The objective of the study is to discover new variables and relationships and to stress theory development, rather than theory generation or confirmation of existing theory. For such a study, Dubois G adde (2002) suggest an abductive approach which enables continuous interplay between theory and empirical observations. The abductive approach also allows the framework to be successively modified as a result of unanticipated findings and insights during the research process, which enables new conclusions when theoretical models and new concepts encounter the reality (Dubois Gadde, 2002, p. 559). 3.2. Research Design The research desigend is intended to generate evidence to answer the research questions that are established and to act as a framework for the research process (Bryman Bell, 2007, p. 39-40). The study entails data from several cases at a single point in time in order to collect quantifiable data to detect patterns of associations. Because of this, this study is based on a cross-sectional design, which is the study of a phenomena in a given point in time (Saunders, 2007, p. 155).   A cross-sectional design enables examining several variables to explore potential variations, which suits the research questions of identifying motivations and distinguishing differences between different categories in crowdfunding. In cross-sectional design research, the data is also collected simultaneously, in contrast to experimental design, and the data is quantifiable by a systematic method for measurement and benchmarking. However, with the cross-sectional design it is only possible to examine rel ationships without being certain of the casual influence, in contrast to an experimental design where variables are manipulated (Bryman Bell, 2007, p. 55). Although a cross-sectional research design is sufficiently adequate to serve as a foundation for drawing certain inferences (Bryman Bell, 2007, p. 56). 3.3. Sampling This study has been conducted on the following crowdfunding websites: http://www.rockthepost.com/ http://www.sponsume.com/ http://www.helpersunite.com/ http://peerbackers.com/ https://www.sellaband.com/ The reason for choosing the above mentioned crowdfunding websites is that they permit contacting the participants in their crowdfunding projects via the websites respective internal mail systems. There are a few more crowdfunding websites in which it is possible to contact investors, but some require that you have invested in the same project as the users that you want to contact and others have no compulsory contact information, meaning that the users manually would have to post their contact information in their description to be contactable through the website. Worth noting is that even in the websites chosen for this study, there are some users that can not be contacted because of the option of being anonymous when investing. The study is also, as mentioned in the research questions, limited to passive investments in crowdfunding. Within passive investments this thesis is also limited to only successful crowdfunding projects, because the crowdfunding websites appear to remove the unsuccessful projects as to not discourage potential clients. This makes it impossible to access information about unsuccessful crowdfunding projects without the owners of the websites collaboration. Collaborating with the crowdfunding websites themselves has though been judged to be out of the scope for this study due to time restrictions. A consequence of studying only successful crowdfunding projects is that the participants in our study are asked about their motivations retrospectively. This means that the participants investment motivations rather are their retrospective rationalization of their investments, than their decision making process prior to the investment. Therefore, it is impossible to determine to what degree the customers/investors were affected by any post-purchase rationalization or dissonance to justify their investments. In an attempt to counter this problem, only crowdfunders that have participated in crowdfunding projects that have recently ended has been contacted. The time frame chosen for this was one week. Within the crowdfunding projects chosen within the different categories of crowdfunding no sampling were made, instead all participants that were not anonymous were contacted. 3.4. Research Strategy: Surveys The research strategy chosen for this thesis is surveys in the form of Internet questionnaires. This research strategy has been chosen because it is common in business and management research and allow for collection of large amounts of data to a relatively small cost (Saunders, 2007, p. 144). Given the quota sampling and the internal mail systems provided by the crowdfunding sites, Internet surveys provided us with a simple solution of reaching out to all participants in selected crowdfunding projects, seeing as it was fairly easy to contact the crowdfunders via the internal mailing system. This allowed for generating findings that are representative for the entire population in the chosen crowdfunding projects. In comparison to interviews this is also a less time consuming strategy and seeing as this is a bachelor thesis, time is of the essence. Surveys allows for collecting large amounts of data for statistical analysis. The data collected from surveys could for example be used for suggesting possible relationships between variables and produce models for these relationships (Saunders, 2007, p. 144) (Bryman Bell, 2007, p. 56). This is much in line with our research questions.    3.4.1 Survey Design When designing a survey it is important to use standardized questions that will are likely to be interpreted in the same way by all respondents (Saunders, 2007, p. 393). The surveys sent out to the different crowdfunding projects where therefore identical. Language non native English speakers The questionnaire consists of XX questions in total, this because a questionnaire should not be longer than is necessary to meet the research objective and that it is generally believed that a shorter questionnaire has a higher response rate than a longer questionnaire (Saunders, Lewis, Thornhill, 2012, p. 436). Designing questions (Bryman Bell, 2007, p. 266-271)

Nurses with Addiction

Nursing is one of the most stressful careers in healthcare. Long hours of direct patient care take its toll emotionally and physically. While the profession is rewarding for most, the constant stress can become a catalyst for all kinds of self damaging behaviors. The American Nurses' Association estimates between ten and twenty percent of nurses will abuse drugs within the workplace at some point during his/her career (ANA, 2002). This percentage is similar to that of substance abusers within the general population. Due to the ease of access to narcotics on the job, it can be difficult to recognize a problem in the early stages. Only once the nurse’s activities have been suspected due to medication shortage or job performance problems can intervention be made. Professionals with addiction not only risk harming themselves and their career, but put their patients at an increased unnecessary risk of malpractice. Unfortunately in November 2009, four nurses in a local hospital were found to be stealing Morphine, Fentanyl, Dilaudid, and other narcotics during their shifts. All four nurses had been employed in various departments and were operating independently of each other. Each nurse was apprehended after being observed for strange behaviors and unauthorized Pixus medication station discrepancies. According to Dunn, psychiatric and oncology nurses have the highest likelihood for drug abuse due to the constant stress and emotional pressures associated with their careers (Dunn, 2005). The lowest instance of abuse occurs in Women’s Health and Pediatric nursing (NIH, 2003). It is unclear whether this rate is due to the nurse’s coping capabilities in such areas, or the lack of narcotics available on these types of care units. Aside from disobeying the loyalty of the workplace, these nurses have violated the Nursing Code of Ethics in relation to themselves, the hospital, and the patients. Within the Nursing Code of Ethics (ANA, 2001) nurses vow to: †¢Safeguard the client and the public when health care and safety are affected by the incompetent, unethical or illegal practice of any person. †¢Participate in the profession's effort to establish and maintain conditions of employment conducive to high quality nursing care. Maintain primary concern for the patient, whether an individual, family, group, or community Fortunately, there have been no reports thus far of malpractice or injuries with any of the patients under the direct care of these four individuals. Grave circumstances may have occurred if the situation had not been discovered promptly. When serious issues occur, Risk Management must work feverishly to investigate all the patient’s records to determine if any errors occurred regard ing their care. Risk Management also has the responsibility of investigating the claims against the nurses to prove or disprove validity. Only after the investigations are concluded can the Risk Management team work to repair the reputation of the hospital and its employees. As a result of this incident, workplace respect, reputation, and ethics have been violated at the expense of drug addiction. Nurses and other healthcare professionals have a responsibility to the patient’s and the workplace to uphold a standard of care that will not jeopardize the position of the hospital, its staff, the patients or the community. When serious issues occur, patients become judgmental of all providers and institutions. The profession and the organization’s reputation have suffered because of this incident. Being a healthcare provider myself, I do not understand how a nurse could not find any other coping mechanisms besides drug abuse. Although I am not a nurse, I deal with the same daily issues associated with direct patient care. As a professional, you are required to deal with situations outside of your beliefs and find avenues to vent your frustration, grief and stress without harming the patients, yourself, or the relationship between the two. I have not come across any colleagues that take a different ethical viewpoint than me regarding this situation. We all know that stealing medications from patients for personal use is wrong professional ly, personally and legally. Perhaps our lack of understanding is due to the inability to relate to those with drug addiction. All coworkers within an organization need to be educated to recognize potential issues of narcotic abuse within the workplace. Since healthcare professionals are able to hide some signs of abuse such as work absences, it may be more difficult to recognize a problem in the early stages. Some physical signs to be aware of include: irritability, forgetfulness, isolation, and decreased levels of motivation. Issues in personal life may also increase the chances of drug abuse, such as: stress, family problems, a previous history of mental illness, and a history of prior abuse (any type). Potential issues must be reported to the Nurse Manager as soon as possible. In order for the organization to protect the safety of its personnel and patients, ethical standards of practice must been routinely stressed within the workplace. Many institutions conduct annual competencies, in-services, and /or reviews to ensure employee commitment to maintaining and promoting an ethical work environment. Conclusion Drug abuse among workers will occur in any organization despite all efforts taken by coworkers, management and the organization as a whole. Drug abuse becomes a severe ethical issue once the life of another human being is jeopardized. Those in the healthcare field have a responsibility to maintain a standard of care to patients regardless of any personal issues occurring in his/her own life. When drug abuse occurs in a hospital setting, the potential for disaster increases dramatically. Not only is the safety of patients and coworkers compromised, so is the reputation of the hospital and the profession. All healthcare employees must be monitored by their employer to ensure workplace drug abuse is prevented, detected and extinguished before irreversible damage occurs. References: American Nurses Association (2001). Code of ethics for nurses. Retrieved from http://www. nursingworld. org/about/01action. htm. on December 11,2009. Dunn, D. (2005). Substance abuse among Nurses-defining the issue. Association of operating room nurses. (82) 592-596. Retrieved from Proquest December 10, 2009. National Institute of Health (2003). Retrieved from www. drugabuse. gov/infofacts/costs. html on December 10, 2009.

Frankenstein The Modern Prometheus Essay

Mary Shelley’s novel Frankenstein also referred to as ‘The Modern Prometheus’ was written in the dark times of 1816. The novel indulges in the work of man playing God and the acts of galvanism; Victor Frankenstein dreams of one day being able to save the ones he loves from illness and maybe even death; but swiftly his dreams tarnish and soon turn to a horrific nightmare when his beloved monster turns on him. Mary Shelley gets her themes and ideas across in a variety of different ways throughout the novel, such as an in depth look towards the immortal soul and the duality of self but also subconsciously Mary spilt out her own feelings into her work adding minor themes into the novel of her life and parental neglect. Even before she was born, Mary Shelley was destined to become one of the most prominent figures in English literature. Both her parents were revolutionaries and writers: Her father William Godwin was an English journalist and novelist and one of the major proponents of anarchist philosophy Mary’s mother Mary Wollstonecraft on the other hand was renowned as being one of the earliest feminists. Shelley’s life and times effected how she illustrates the birth of Frankenstein’s monster in an immeasurable way. The environment and time Shelley grew up in really does have a huge impact on the novel due to the techniques she uses and in the way she uses her language. A vast amount of scientific breakthroughs were made at this time helping dub the early 1800’s as ‘The Age of Enlightenment’. Shelley arguably has many monumental events in her life, but in my opinion none bigger the visit to Lord Byron’s house which sparked her enthusiasm for this epic novel. She was originally given a task (along with a few other people) to individually come up with something more teeth chattering and nail biting than his poem. Shelley managed to come up with what we now know as chapter five of the novel or more commonly referred to as the birth of Frankenstein. The gothic text used in this novel is very relevant to Mary’s life at this early stage; she is right in the midst of a very dark time where unnatural practices are taking place. As well as her life and times Shelley’s parental neglect also manages to tangle itself into this colossal web of a novel. As many people well know Shelley grew up in a much upheld household but suffered from relentless disregard. Although she was cast aside for many things, she was brought into all the family discussions which at this time where souly based around the graphic and gruesome public displays of galvanism. This clearly had a major impact of Mary’s novel as a whole â€Å"I might infuse a spark of being into this lifeless thing. † This directly links towards the acts of galvanism but not only that, if you submerse yourself deeper into Shelley’s life it can also be linked towards her nightmare where she dreamt she has a stillborn which she had to rub and rub constantly to get it too live and breathe. Another thing that struck me is where the monster held is arms out like a little child would to there mum its said â€Å"Oh! No mortal could support the horror of that countenance. † Which shows Victor basically brushing him aside and running like the coward that he is? This is another major notch on the belt of Mary Shelley’s subconscious parental neglect. On top of all that the major theme in the novel is the brutality and fact of the immortal soul. Mary Shelley constantly questions the prospect of the soul all the way throughout the novel from start to finish, which really does help give the reader a very influential and emotional response. Gothic text also goes very much hand in hand with the pathetic – fallacy and juxtaposition to give back a sort of airy feel to it, using words like â€Å"wretched†, â€Å"Bed Chamber† and having the colours black and white place so closely together they almost contrast each other right on the page. These words and techniques really do give you a clear indication of the sort of time this novel was written. Dante’s Inferno (a poem about sins and the seven circles of hell) also is placed into the novel to help get the readers true reaction to what they are reading; â€Å"it became a thing such as even Dante could not have conceived. † This also relates to the soul due to the way Dante had his major beliefs of the good and bad sides of the soul and what happens to them. After all that Shelley also manages to create a void and show how the duality of self effects the book. In dictionary the duality of self is described as â€Å"the composition of two parts† whether it be the body and soul or the fact Frankenstein’s monster is joined together by many different body parts; â€Å"Catching and fearing each sound as if it were to announce the approach of the demonical corpse which I had so miserably given life. † The point I’m trying to make is that in the novel the duality is shown in a vast amount of ways, and the main way is how the monster is treated less than something you would step in words like â€Å"the wretch† used over and over help get the point across very well, Victor sees the monster as inhuman, heartless and that it has no soul. Overall it’s clear to see that Shelley has got all the ingredients for the perfect novel: the language, themes, techniques, man playing god, duality of self and the immortal soul all executed flawlessly. She shows throughout her fantastic novel the there is still a little mystery in the world, and this is a key reason why she is one of the most idolised women in gothic fiction. With the discovery of DNA and cloning pressing the issues in the world today, this novel can relate to them hands down which really shows this novel can withstand the test of time. In all of Frankenstein’s attempts to disregard the monster and his responsibilities to the beast as his creator, the monster punishes Frankenstein in the forms of murder, illness, and disruption in Victor’s life. The consequences to man’s attempt to master life and death are evident and the monster symbolizes the unpredictable element to controlling human life. Man is frequently too preoccupied with the possibility of creating life to realize the responsibility and results consequential to generating what could be a monster.

The Two Gladiators By The Director Caiano - 960 Words

The film The Two Gladiators by the director Caiano has elements that are in alignment as well as contradictions with class materials and the book The Antonines: the Roman Empire which has the call number 937.07 G767a. The shortcomings of the films are contributed from the nature of dramatization, short budget, poor script and perhaps mediocre research effort. Despite so, there were five prominently consistent events portrayed in the film with the materials in class. The first was the succession of Commodus to his father’s throne of emperorship. In class, it was taught that the structure of the Roman Republic had evolved to that of an empire. Therefore instead of having a consul, an emperor existed in place. Although the principle of automatic inheritance was not the case as an emperor had to be deemed fit to rule and have the approval of the army and the bureaucracy. The second consistency found between the film and the teaching materials is the importance of the principle of duty or â€Å"officia† in the Roman Empire. When Commodus’ behavior was getting increasingly erratic, the senator, Tarruntius, started looking for Commodus’ twin, Lucius Crassus. Though the latter was caught off guard by his newly revealed identity, he tried to assume it as Tarruntius kept enforcing that it was his duty or rather a duty that a good emperor rule Rome. During class, the Romans were always said to have a sense of duty whether it be to repay someone or aid someone through the clientela